You can’t always get what you want: Protectionist policies with the transport sector
在传统国际寡头模型中引入运输部门的关键特征，发现当运输成本内生且存在回程问题时，保护主义政策可能损害本国企业而有利于外国企业，与常规结论相反。
This paper incorporates key stylized facts about the transport sector into the conventional international oligopoly model and explores how protectionist policies perform differently when transport costs are endogenous and subject to the backhaul problem (i.e., the imbalance of shipping volume in outgoing and incoming routes). A country’s protectionist policies, which benefit domestic firms and harm foreign firms in the conventional model, can harm domestic firms and benefit foreign firms if carriers avoid the backhaul problem. Protectionist policies may also lead to a facilitating practice. In the absence of the backhaul problem, both domestic and foreign consumers lose from protectionist policies.