Vertical Agreements and User Access
研究了平台作为销售渠道时，向用户收取订阅费或硬件加价，并比较了两种纵向定价协议（按单位收费和按比例收费）对价格、利润和福利的影响，发现用户接入的关键作用可能颠覆传统结论。
Platforms acting as sales channels for producers often charge users for access via a subscription fee or a markup on hardware. We compare two common forms of vertical pricing agreement that platforms use with sellers: per unit and proportional fees. In particular, we analyze the critical role that user access plays on prices, profits, and welfare under both forms of agreement. We characterize this role and show how it potentially overturns standard results saying that proportional fees lead to lower prices and higher profits.