Pricing for a cooler planet: An empirical analysis of the effect of taxing carbon
利用合成控制法估计芬兰1990年引入的全球首个碳税对碳排放的因果效应，发现碳税使排放大幅降低，1995年低16%，2000年低25%，2004年低30%，减排弹性约9%。
Finland introduced the planet’s first carbon tax in 1990 to experiment with, to most economists, the best policy to reverse carbon emissions. I estimate the causal effect of taxing carbon on Finnish emissions using the Synthetic Control Approach (Abadie, 2021). The results suggest that taxing carbon reduces emissions by big margins. Finnish emissions are 16% lower in 1995, 25% lower in 2000, and 30% lower in 2004 than emissions in the counterfactual consistent with carbon taxes whose value increasing by 20 fold in 1990 – 2005. The estimates suggest that the carbon tax’s abatement elasticity is about 9%.