Trademarks, patents and the appropriation strategies of incumbents: the scope of new firm formation in European regions
研究了欧洲980个地区产业层面知识溢出与新企业形成的关系，发现专利代表的知识存量促进新企业形成，但在位企业的知识保护和占有策略会抑制这一过程；商标则在新企业不与在位企业直接竞争时促进进入。
Analysis of the relationship between knowledge spillovers and new firm formation in 980 NUTS-3 regions at the industry level shows that regional knowledge stocks represented by patents positively influence new firm formation, but that knowledge protection and appropriation strategies of incumbents discourage it. Knowledge stocks represented by trademarks translate into higher entry rates in the absence of a pronounced appropriation strategy of incumbents or when entrants do not directly compete with the trademarking incumbents. Our findings highlight the two-sided effects of trademarks: as an indicator of product novelties as well as a potential expression of strengthened incumbent appropriation strategies.