Energy footprints and the international trade network: A new dataset. Is the European Union doing it better?
构建了1997-2014年全球能源使用面板数据集，分析能源效率变化，评估欧盟能源服务指令的效果，发现指令效果不一，高收入国家能源政策对能源足迹效果有限，存在能源泄漏。
Understanding the developments of energy efficiency in the context of the global energy network is key to advance energy regulation and fight climate change. We develop a global panel dataset on energy usage accounts based on territorial production, final production and consumption over 1997–2014. We apply structural decomposition analysis to isolate energy efficiency changes and study the effectiveness of the European Union Energy Services Directive [2006/32/EC] on energy efficiency. The effectiveness of the Directive is mixed. The different dynamics found among the European Union members result from differences in the ambition of national energy policies and from the structure of their supply chains. The observed trends towards energy efficiency gains and increases in renewable energy shares are not specific to the European Union, but are common among high-income countries. Energy policies in high-income countries are less effective for energy footprints. Our findings are indicative of energy leakage. Energy regulation should account for global supply chains.