Ethnic enclaves and immigrant outcomes: Norwegian immigrants during the Age of Mass Migration
研究1910和1920年美国挪威移民聚居区规模对其职业收入的影响，发现聚居区越大收入越低、务农比例越高、白领比例越低，且这种劣势部分传递给第二代。
Abstract This paper examines the effect of ethnic enclaves on economic outcomes of Norwegian immigrants in 1910 and 1920, the later part of the Age of Mass Migration. Using various identification strategies, including county fixed effects and an instrumental variables strategy based on chain migration, I consistently find that Norwegians living in larger enclaves in the United States had lower occupational earnings, were more likely to be in farming occupations, and were less likely to be in white-collar occupations. Results are robust to matching method and choice of occupational score. This earnings disadvantage is partly passed on to the second generation.