Approaches for Reaching Ambient Standards in Non-Attainment Areas: Financial Burden and Efficiency Considerations
研究了圣路易斯颗粒物控制案例，比较了不同合规策略的成本，发现许可制度在达到一级标准时可实现帕累托改进，但对二级标准则因减排要求过高而无法节省成本。
If compliance is to be achieved, either the ambient standards will have to be made less stringent or the states will have to increase the degree of control on existing sources. According to current law, only the latter strategy is feasible. The authors compare a model of particulate control in St. Louis with compliance costs. In this case study, permit systems offer the opportunity to adopt approximately Pareto superior policies to reach the primary standard, but not the secondary standard. The required reduction in emissions for the secondary standard is so large that it swamps the potential cost savings offered by permit systems. Introducing an emission permit system in which the permits are given away provides a way to compensate adversely affected sources. 12 references, 3 tables.