Spatial structure and productivity in European regions
通过计量分析欧洲区域的全要素生产率，发现城市规模正向影响生产率，但多中心结构本身无直接效应，且多中心与城市规模的交互项有负效应，表明多中心无法替代大城市的经济外部性。
Through an analysis of total factor productivity for European regions using an econometric identification strategy, we find that significant impacts exist for both urban size and structure. A larger urban size positively affects regional productivity. Polycentric urban structures have no directly identified impacts on productivity. We find that an interaction between urban size and polycentricity has a negative effect, suggesting that polycentric regions are unable to substitute for the economic urbanization externalities associated with a single large city. These findings have important implications for the European Union-wide policy agenda on urban development and regional productivity.