Racial Oppression and Racial Projects in Consumer Markets: A Racial Formation Theory Approach
指出营销和消费者研究中主流的种族不平等理论局限于社会心理层面的歧视，无法解释中观和宏观结构现象，因此引入种族形成理论来分析市场系统中的组织与制度行为如何分配资源、挑战或强化种族压迫。
Abstract The dominant theoretical approach to exploring ethnic and racial inequality in marketing and consumer research focuses on discrete acts of discrimination that stem from social psychological causes (e.g., prejudice, stereotypes, and negative racial attitudes). It holds limited explanatory power for meso- and macro-structural phenomena that also generate racialized outcomes. An implication is that ethnic and racial inequality can be portrayed as something imposed on market systems rather than a routine feature of their functioning. In response, I introduce and synthesize two variants of Racial Formation Theory (RFT) and propose it as a useful theoretical approach for addressing whether and how organizational and institutional actors in market systems engage in goal-directed action that allocates resources in ways that challenge (or reinforce) ethnic and racial oppression.