Competition law and digital ecosystems: Learning to walk before we run
分析数字企业（多边平台和生态系统）的特殊性，探讨传统竞争分析在数字领域的挑战，并讨论数据作用、生态系统内外部竞争、消费者偏见和守门人角色等执法问题，最后提出研究议程。
Abstract The paper analyzes the challenges faced by competition authorities with respect to the digital sector. Borrowing insights from the business policy literature and from the economic literature, the paper first analyzes the specificities of digital firms (multi-sided platforms and ecosystems) with respect to their development and competitive strategies. Building on this foundation the paper explores some of the challenges of applying traditional competition analysis to competition in the business sector. We then discuss a number of issues relevant to competition law enforcement in the digital sector starting with the role of data, competition within ecosystems and between ecosystems, consumer biases, and the role of gatekeepers. We conclude with a research agenda for economists and competition authorities.