How to Appropriate Value from General-Purpose Technology by Applying Open Innovation
分析了IBM Watson Health未能盈利的原因，发现对通用技术采用过于封闭的市场化方式导致失败，并建议在开放式创新中利用强专有性制度来提升价值获取。
Artificial intelligence increasingly attracts attention and investments. However, appropriating value from this general-purpose technology (GPT) can be difficult. To understand these challenges, this article analyzes why IBM failed to generate significant profits from IBM Watson Health despite its promising starting points. The findings suggest that, considering the characteristics of GPT, an overly closed approach for taking it to market contributed to the failure. Furthermore, conditions such as the immaturity and the complexity of the application field intensified the challenges. This study suggests that using a strong appropriability regime in open innovation can enhance the appropriation of value from a GPT.