Identity, Beliefs, and Political Conflict
提出一个身份政治理论，认为政策冲突使经济或文化的社会分界凸显时，选民会认同相应群体并偏向其刻板印象，导致信念极化、文化冲突上升、再分配冲突下降，经济冲击可能引发文化身份转向。
Abstract We present a theory of identity politics that builds on two ideas. First, when policy conflict renders a certain social divide—economic or cultural—salient, a voter identifies with her economic or cultural group. Second, the voter slants her beliefs toward the stereotype of the group she identifies with. We obtain three implications. First, voters’ beliefs are polarized along the distinctive features of salient groups. Second, if the salience of cultural policies increases, cultural conflict rises, redistributive conflict falls, and polarization becomes more correlated across issues. Third, economic shocks hurting conservative voters may trigger a switch to cultural identity, causing these voters to demand less redistribution. We discuss U.S. survey evidence in light of these implications.