Electoral Violence and Supply Chain Disruptions in Kenya's Floriculture Industry
研究了2008年肯尼亚选举暴力对花卉出口企业的影响，发现暴力通过工人缺勤减少出口，大企业和有直接合同的企业受损较小，且全球买家难以转向未受影响地区或邻国供应商。
Abstract Violent conflicts, particularly at election times in Africa, are a common cause of instability and economic disruption. This paper studies how firms react to electoral violence using the case of Kenyan flower exporters during the 2008 postelection violence as an example. The violence induced a large negative supply shock that reduced exports primarily through workers' absence and had heterogeneous effects: larger firms and those with direct contractual relationships in export markets suffered smaller production and loss of workers. On the demand side, global buyers were not able to shift sourcing to Kenyan exporters located in areas not directly affected by the violence or to neighboring Ethiopian suppliers. Consistent with difficulties in ensuring against supply-chain risk disruptions caused by electoral violence, firms in direct contractual relationships ramp up shipments just before the subsequent 2013 presidential election to mitigate risk.