Testing the Presence of Implicit Hiring Quotas with Application to German Universities
提出一种检验隐性招聘配额的方法，利用德国大学女性教授分布数据，发现院系层面存在一至两名女性的隐性配额。
Abstract Women are underrepresented in academia in general and economics in particular. I introduce a test to detect an underresearched form of hiring bias: implicit quotas. I derive a test under the null hypothesis of gender-blind hiring that requires no additional information about individual hires and can be used to analyze hiring bias in a variety of other hiring settings. I derive its asymptotic distribution and propose a parametric bootstrap procedure that resamples from the exact distribution. I analyze the distribution of female professors at German universities and find an implicit quota of one or two women on the department level.