From the entrepreneurial to the ossified economy
记录了发达经济体创业活动下降的现象，批判现有解释局限于供给侧的近因，提出复杂性和总需求变化导致经济僵化的新视角，对创业研究有启示。
Abstract Entrepreneurship in advanced economies is in decline. Instead of becoming ‘entrepreneurial’, as was anticipated in the 1990s, today, these economies are better described as ossified. This paper starts by documenting the decline in entrepreneurship. It then critically discusses extant explanations for the decline. While having merit, these explanations are restricted to proximate and supply-side causes. Given these shortcomings, an additional perspective is contributed: it is argued that adverse scale effects from rising complexity, and long-run aggregate demand changes, account for the ossification of advanced economies. Implications for entrepreneurship scholarship are drawn.