Competitive Energy Storage and the Duck Curve
研究了高比例太阳能发电系统中，储能投资如何解决傍晚太阳能出力骤降的鸭形曲线问题，并证明在电价无上限时，储能容量的长期均衡值能最小化系统预期成本。
Power systems with high penetrations of solar generation need to replace solar output when it falls rapidly in the late afternoon—the duck curve problem. Storage is a carbon-free solution to this problem. This essay considers investment in generation and storage to minimize expected cost in a Boiteux-Turvey-style model of an electric power system with alternating daytime time periods, with solar generation, and nighttime periods, without it. In the most interesting cases, if energy market prices are uncapped, all expected cost minima are long-run competitive equilibria, and the long-run equilibrium value of storage capacity minimizes expected system cost conditional on generation capacities.