How much do norms matter for quantity and quality of children?
量化了巴基斯坦社会规范、儿童死亡率和妇女教育对生育数量和教育质量的影响，发现规范解释了14%的数量差异和9%的质量差异，而儿童死亡率解释了33%和16%的差异。
This paper quantifies the effect of social norms, child mortality, and women’s education on fertility (quantity) and children’s education (quality) in Pakistan. Norms explain 14% of the variation in quantity and 9% of the variation in quality among the households that differ in the women’s socio-economic background. In comparison, child mortality explains 33% and 16% of the difference in quantity and quality, respectively. Variations in women’s education explain the rest. The quantity–quality trade-off weakens in the absence of norms and child mortality. Norms and child mortality also affect the cost of education and population policies. • Mothers’ education explains most of QQ variation across households in Pakistan. • Child mortality is second important factor followed by fertility norms. • QQ trade-off weakens in the absence of norms and child mortality. • Cost of policies increase in presence of norms and child mortality.