The gaming of performance management systems in British universities
基于对英国13所研究密集型商学院65位学者的半结构化访谈，揭示了绩效管理系统如何激励员工采取五种博弈行为（如无谓增殖、绩效囤积、合谋联盟等），并分析了每种行为的特征及产生机制。
Performance management systems are intended to positively influence employee behaviour but do they also motivate significant gaming? This concern is increasingly noted in the literature yet research into gaming and how it arises has been very limited. Using data collected from 65 semi-structured interviews with academics working in 13 research intensive business schools/schools of management in the United Kingdom, this article demonstrates how performance management systems can encourage employees to engage in a range of behaviours termed gaming in order to navigate performance management systems. It categorises gaming behaviours into five types: gratuitous proliferation, hoarding performance, collusive alliances, playing safe and cooking the books. The article then examines the distinctive features of each type and illustrates how it arises as a response to performance management systems. Given the widespread use of performance management systems and the close similarities in the way they are implemented in different public and private sector organisations, the derived categories are relevant to contexts beyond the university setting.