Are Simultaneously Decided Referenda Substitutable? Evidence from Municipal Land Use Ballot Measures
研究了市政公投中不同土地利用政策之间的可替代性或互补性，发现反增长措施之间存在替代效应，而亲增长措施则无此影响。
The results of ballot referenda have often been used to infer the preferences of voters for various types of policy. However, voters may be influenced by the appearance of competing ballot referenda. We propose a simple theoretical framework for considering the substitutability or complementarity of various land use policies and apply this framework to a novel dataset of 603 land-related municipal ballot measures in California. We find that the appearance of a competing anti-growth measure decreases support for other anti-growth measures, while the appearance of pro-growth measures do not affect the likelihood of passage for anti-growth or pro-growth measures.