Visa for competitiveness: foreign workforce and Italian dairy farms’ performance
研究外国劳动力对意大利奶牛场竞争力的影响，发现雇佣移民的农场单位劳动成本更低，支持了共同农业政策中的社会条件性条款。
Abstract This paper studies the impact of foreign labour on the competitiveness of Italian dairy farms relying on the theory of foreign labour in profit functions. Application of an endogenous switching regression model identifies the drivers of adoption of the immigrant workforce. A counterfactual analysis performed on unit labour costs between farms employing and non-employing immigrants suggests the essential role of foreign farmworkers on dairy farms’ competitiveness, which provide a cheaper source of labour. The lower unit labour cost for immigrant workers resembles staunch support to the newly introduced ‘social conditionality’, for a CAP delivering also for farmworkers.