Violence and newborn health: Estimates for Colombia
研究孕期母亲遭遇暴力对新生儿出生体重的影响，发现早期暴力对男婴影响大，母亲教育可缓解；女婴受后期暴力影响，母亲更易有不良行为。
This paper examines the relationship between maternal exposure to violence during pregnancy and newborn birthweight. The identification strategy exploits variation in the timing of exposure and in the geographic location of expectant mothers across Colombian municipalities. Exposure to violence in early pregnancy had a large negative impact on birthweight, primarily for boys, and the effect was mitigated by their mothers' education. Girls' birthweight was affected mainly by shocks in later stages of gestation. Furthermore, their mothers were more likely to engage in potentially harmful behaviors during the pregnancy. This evidence exposes the importance of parental responses in shaping the effect of exposure to violence on newborn health.