When are entrepreneurs more environmentally oriented? An analysis of stakeholders' pressures at different stages of evolution of the venture
研究分析了9781名来自27个国家的企业家，发现企业在早期发展阶段、以及处于高压强制性和规范性环境压力的国家时，企业家更注重环境导向。
Abstract Entrepreneurs are subjected to increased institutional pressures that encourage them to include environmental issues in their overall business objectives. Despite this, entrepreneurs do not always place the same importance on environmental issues in the overall objectives, but some are more environmentally oriented than others. We contend that these differences are explained by two factors: the stage of evolution of the venture and the intensity of coercive and normative environmental pressures on entrepreneurs. Using a sample of 9781 entrepreneurs from 27 countries, our research shows that entrepreneurs are more environmentally oriented (1) in early stages of evolution, (2) in countries with high coercive pressures, and (3) in countries with high normative pressures. Additionally, our results indicate that the differences in the environmental orientation in the early and late stages are reduced in countries with high normative pressures and that these differences are not influenced by the intensity of coercive pressures.