Political and economic determinants of export restrictions in the agricultural and food sector
利用2005-2015年168国527种农产品的出口限制数据，发现商品市场势力每增加一个标准差，出口限制概率上升5.5%；区域贸易协定伙伴每增加一个标准差，概率下降6.0%。下游部门市场势力也会推高上游出口限制概率。
Abstract Utilizing a rich export restriction database that covers 527 agricultural products at the six‐digit Harmonized System (HS) code level in 168 countries from 2005 to 2015, this article investigates the political and economic determinants of countries’ export restriction decisions. Empirical analysis shows that a one standard deviation increase in a commodity's market power increases the probability of an export restriction on that commodity by 5.5%, and a one standard deviation increase in a country's number of Regional Trade Agreement (RTA) partners decreases the probability of an export restriction by 6.0%. There is also evidence that higher market power of the downstream sector, which purchases inputs from the upstream sector, leads to a higher probability of export restrictions in the upstream sector. Macroeconomic variables, including urbanization rate, agricultural land per capita, and weather variables, are also important determinants of export restrictions. This article highlights the potential role of RTAs and competitive market structure in both the sector of interest and its downstream sector in disciplining export restrictions.