Inside the Box: Safety, Health, and Isolation in Prison
打开监狱这个黑箱，考察其康复项目、暴力、健康医疗和单独监禁等内部状况，发现囚犯参与项目减少，面临高暴力、疾病和隔离风险，这些条件损害出狱后适应社区生活，并揭示监狱作为道德机构的责任。
A large social science research literature examines the effects of prisons on crime and socioeconomic inequality, but the penal institution itself is often a black box overlooked in the analysis of its effects. This paper examines prisons and their role in rehabilitative programs and as venues for violence, health and healthcare, and extreme isolation through solitary confinement. Research shows that incarcerated people are participating less today than in the 1980s in prison programs, and they face high risks of violence, disease, and isolation. Prison conditions suggest the mechanisms that impair adjustment to community life after release provide a more complete account of the costs of incarceration and indicate the performance of prisons as moral institutions that bear a responsibility for humane and decent treatment.