Spatial externalities in big cities and duality of the labour market
研究了意大利大城市中临时工与永久工在空间工资溢价上的差异，发现临时工无法像永久工一样从集聚外部性中获益，但大城市增加了临时工转为永久合同的可能性并提升其工资溢价。
Abstract This article investigates the dynamics of the spatial wage premium for workers employed on temporary and permanent contracts. We use an employer–employee database that covers the universe of young Italian employees for 2005–2016. On controlling for individual observed and unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity of the relationship, our findings indicate that workers hired on a temporary basis do not enjoy the same benefits from agglomeration externalities as workers on permanent contracts. Nonetheless, the likelihood of a temporary worker switching to a permanent contract, as well as its wage premium, increases with city size, thus partially offsetting the spatial dynamics disadvantage.