Judging under Public Pressure
研究公众压力如何影响裁判决策，发现压力会使裁判在主观判断上偏向观众，但在客观判断上无影响，且裁判犯错后或观众损失更大时偏见更强。
Abstract We study the circumstances under which public pressure affects judging. We show that crowd pressure biases decisions in favor of the crowd for “subjective decisions” with respect to which the judge has more discretion but not for “objective decisions.” The bias is strengthened after a judge's error against the crowd and when errors are costlier to the crowd. We use data about referees' decisions and errors from the Bundesliga. We exploit three regimes where, due to the introduction of Video Assistance Refereeing (VAR) and COVID-19, both crowd pressure and the likelihood of errors vary.