Television, health, and happiness: A natural experiment in West Germany
利用西德部分地区意外获得商业电视信号的自然实验，发现看电视对成年人生活满意度有正面影响，且未发现健康损害，挑战了电视降低幸福感的传统观点。
• We exploit quasi-random differences in regional media access in West Germany. • There is credible evidence for a positive effect of TV on the well-being of adults. • Rich survey data from various sources reveal the behavioral responses to TV access. • Negative correlations between TV and well-being are likely driven by self-selection. • We discuss a variety of relevant implications from the perspective of public policy. While watching television is one of the most time-consuming human activities, its potential negative effects on well-being are discussed in the literature as a prime example of irrational behavior. We are the first to comprehensively address this possible paradox by exploiting a novel setting in the research on the effects of television for society: a natural experiment in the late 1980s where people in a few geographically restricted areas of West Germany received commercial TV via terrestrial frequencies. Rich panel data combined with precisely calculated frequency signals allow us to determine how regional availability of commercial TV affects time-use, before investigating the implications for individual well-being over time. Contrary to previous research, we find no evidence of negative health impacts when TV consumption increases. For life satisfaction, we even find a positive effect, which is robust across various sensitivity analyses and subgroups of TV viewers. By also considering evidence from expenditure data and from our own separately conducted surveys, we discuss the external validity of our findings as well as possible mechanisms and conclude that correlational evidence on the well-being effects of TV viewing could be driven by negative self-selection.