Relational aspects of vicarious retribution: Evidence from professional baseball.
研究职业棒球中投手为队友报复而故意投球击中对方击球员的行为，发现队友关系促进报复，但与对方击球员的关系则抑制攻击，且比赛中的报复会受规则限制而不会无限升级。
Acts of negative reciprocity can generate destructive sequences of reprisal. In baseball, hitting a batter with a pitch generally represents a vicarious form of retribution on behalf of a teammate. To understand a practice prone to escalation, we examine how dyadic relationships and team characteristics influence punitive aggression during games. Constructing a suite of indicator variables with data from two decades of play enabled us to track the shifting state of relational accounting between opposing teams. Even though motives to engage in further retribution may exist, logistic regression establishes that curbs limit escalation beyond an initial exchange sequence during games. Aspects of the dyadic relationship between a pitcher and his teammate enhance the intention to take vicarious retribution but relationships with the opposing batter exert a countervailing force against aggression. Our findings yield insights about the origin and evolution of intergroup conflicts with implications for theories of conflict and for organizational practice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).