Against the Grain: Spanish Trade Policy in the Interwar Years
研究两次世界大战期间国内冲突和外部冲击对西班牙贸易政策的影响，利用新的进出口数据集和关税、贸易协定、配额信息，发现1931年第二共和国成立后转向双边贸易谈判，但面临寻找贸易伙伴的困境。
We study the effects of domestic conflict and external shocks on Spanish trade policy in the interwar period. Our account mobilizes a new granular dataset on exports and imports, and good-country level information on tariffs, trade agreements, and quotas. Into the Depression, the mainstay of policy was the tariff. The establishment of the Second Republic in 1931 was a turning point in policymaking. The new regime initiated bilateral trade negotiations. The Republic’s dilemma was to find countries willing to exchange market access. In a daunting international environment, the Spanish case offers a poignant reminder of the perils of going against the grain.