Social Mobility in Sweden before the Welfare State
利用历史人口普查数据，发现瑞典在福利国家兴起前几十年就表现出较高的代际职业流动性，其水平接近19世纪高度流动的美国，并分析了经济增长和迁移与流动性的正相关关系。
We use historical census data to show that Sweden exhibited high levels of intergenerational occupational mobility several decades before the rise of the welfare state. Mobility rates were higher than in other nineteenth- and twentieth-century European countries, closer to those observed in the highly mobile nineteenth-century United States. We leverage mobility variation across Swedish municipalities to shed light on potential determinants: economic growth and migration are positively correlated with mobility, consistent with the patterns observed across countries.