A Comparison of Intergenerational Mobility Curves in Germany, Norway, Sweden, and the US
比较了四个国家的代际流动性，发现美国流动性低于欧洲三国，且美国最流动地区不如挪威和瑞典最不流动地区；但线性估计显示各国流动性相似，非参数方法则揭示美国底层向上流动性更低。
Abstract We examine intergenerational mobility differences between Germany, Norway, Sweden, and the US. Using ranks, we find that the US is substantially less intergenerationally mobile than the three European countries and that the most mobile region of the US is less mobile than the least mobile regions of Norway and Sweden. Using a linear estimator of income share mobility, we find that the four countries have very similar rates of intergenerational mobility. However, when we use non‐parametric versions of rank and income share mobility, we find that the US tends to experience lower upward mobility at the bottom of the income distribution than Norway and Sweden.