The long‐term health effects of initiating smoking in adolescence: Evidence from a national longitudinal survey
利用美国全国青少年健康纵向调查数据，估计青春期开始吸烟对约20年后28项健康指标的影响，发现其中15项有显著负面效应。
We estimate the long-term effect of initiating smoking in adolescence on a range of health outcomes later in life. We use the second wave (1996) and the fifth wave (2016-2018) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) and estimate instrumental variables models with school-level fixed effects, where the instruments are the average rate of smoking among friends and the respondents' perceptions about their friends' smoking. We find that smoking in adolescence has a negative impact on 15 of the 28 self-reported, diagnosed, and self-identified health outcomes approximately 20 years later.