Sex, gender, and promotion in executive office: Cabinet careers in the world of Westminster
研究了澳大利亚、加拿大和新西兰三个威斯敏斯特式政府中，性别对内阁部长晋升的影响，发现女性更可能担任低威望职位和“女性化”部门，且女性晋升机会少于男性，但女性化部门对女性晋升不利、对男性有利。
Abstract This article provides the first analysis of gendered promotion issues for cabinet ministers using most‐similar systems design for three “Westminster‐style” governments: Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. Using individual‐level data and controlling for biographical, institutional, and country effects we find, in common with earlier literature, that women are more likely to be given less prestigious cabinet posts and be assigned to “feminine” portfolio. Using both sequence and event history analysis, we see the careers of men and women starkly diverge. We find that women are less likely to be promoted than men but find no relationship between prestigious portfolio and promotion. However, feminine portfolio assignments decrease the promotion prospects for women yet increase them for men.