Rethinking Resilience: Definition, Context, and Measure
本文聚焦组织、社区和个人韧性，指出韧性一词脱离情境无意义，战略规划赋予其具体含义，并论证韧性涉及预期和学习，而非被动恢复原状，为管理实践和理论提供指导。
A sizeable literature treats “resilience” without defining it. Seeking to promote resilience from ubiquitous buzzword to managerially useful concept, we focus on situations in which human decision is paramount—organizational, community, and personal resilience—and exclude discussion of, e.g., resilience of fixed infrastructure and of unmanaged natural ecosystems. We argue that the word resilience, without modification or context, carries no meaning, but that strategic planning is a context that gives specific and useful meaning to resilience. Bringing in ideas from system theory, we discuss the role of anticipation, showing that resilience is not reactive; and the role of learning, showing that resilience is not a return to the status quo ante. These results provide diagnostic guidance for organizational management and for industry commentators, and a rigorous basis for further advances in resilience theory.