Vertical collusion
研究了零售商与供应商之间秘密纵向合同的合谋行为，发现纵向合谋比零售商之间的合谋更容易维持，并能解决供应商无法承诺垄断批发价的问题。
Abstract We characterize collusion involving secret vertical contracts between retailers and their supplier—who are all equally patient (“vertical collusion”). We show such collusion is easier to sustain than collusion among retailers. Furthermore, vertical collusion can solve the supplier's inability to commit to charging the monopoly wholesale price when retailers are differentiated. The supplier pays retailers slotting allowances as a prize for adhering to the collusive scheme and rejects contract deviations. In the presence of competing suppliers, vertical collusion can be sustained using short‐term exclusive dealing.