Up before Dawn: Experimental Evidence from a Cross-Border Trader Training at the DRC-Rwanda Border
通过随机对照试验，研究为刚果（金）-卢旺达边境的小规模跨境贸易商提供程序、关税和权利信息培训的效果，发现培训减少了贿赂支付和性别暴力，其机制是贸易商选择在非官方时间提前通关（退出），而非使用发声机制或减少官员寻租。
Small-scale cross-border trade provides opportunities for economic gains in many developing countries. Yet cross-border traders—many of whom are women—face harassment and corruption, which can undermine these potential gains. We present evidence from a randomized controlled trial that provided access to information on procedures, tariffs, and rights to small-scale traders to facilitate border crossings, lower corruption, and reduce gender-based violence along the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)–Rwanda border. The training reduces bribe payment by 5 percentage points in the full sample and by 27.5 percentage points, on average, among compliers. The training also reduces the incidence of gender-based violence by 5.4 percentage points (30.5 percentage points among compliers). We assess competing explanations for the impacts using a game-theoretic model based on Hirschman’s exit, voice, and loyalty framework. The effects are achieved through early border crossings at unofficial hours (exit) instead of traders’ use of voice mechanisms or reduced rent seeking from border officials. These results highlight the need to improve governance and establish clear cross-border trade regulations, particularly on the DRC side of the border.