An early form of European champions? Banking clubs between European integration and global banking (1960s–1990s)
研究了20世纪60至70年代欧洲大型商业银行创建的银行俱乐部（如EBIC、Europartners、ABECOR）如何应对美国竞争和欧洲一体化，并持续到80年代，认为这是打造“欧洲”银行的早期尝试。
Between the late 1950s and the mid-1970s, most large European commercial banks created European banking clubs, which were hybrid cooperative organisations meant to respond to American competition and to the progress of European integration. Based on the archives of several commercial banks from France and the UK, this article examines how the three main European clubs (EBIC, Europartners, and ABECOR) emerged and developed in the 1960s and 1970s, and continued to exist despite increasing challenges in the 1980s. The article argues that banking clubs were an early attempt at creating truly 'European' banks, or European champions, even though their experience was abandoned. They also participated in European integration in a different way than the one the European Commission promoted. These clubs were an important institutional response of European banks to both globalisation and European integration.