Pain as Social Glue: A Preregistered Direct Replication of Experiment 2 of Bastian et al. (2014)
对Bastian等人（2014）关于共享痛苦促进合作的实验2进行了两次复制，结果未发现共享痛苦对合作的显著影响，提示原效应可能被高估或缺乏普遍性。
Bastian et al. (2014) found that sharing a painful experience promoted later intergroup cooperation. In Bastian et al.’s second experiment, 62 participants were assigned to groups of two to six people each. They performed either two painful or two painless tasks and then played an economic game. The present study consisted of two replications of the experiment: The first was a nonpreregistered pilot study ( N = 153 students from the Czech Republic), and the second was a preregistered direct replication ( N = 158 students from Slovakia). Important deviations from the original procedure were that (a) gender homogeneity of the small groups was balanced across the conditions and (b) the number of participants in each small group was fixed at three. No relevant effect of shared pain on cooperation emerged. The findings indicate that the true effect of shared pain on cooperation obtained in the original study may have been an overestimate or that the effect is not generally valid across various contexts.