Fair Utilitarianism
针对功利主义在应用中难以衡量和比较效用的难题，借鉴Harsanyi的方法提出一种新的效用标准化，确保从富人到穷人的转移能提高福利，且风险规避程度高的人群福利更低，并探讨了其在风险分担、集体风险规避和健康政策设计中的含义。
Utilitarianism plays a central role in economics, but there is a gap between theory, where utilitarianism is dominant, and applications, where monetary criteria are often used. For applications, a key difficulty is to define how utilities should be measured and compared. Drawing on Harsanyi’s (1955) approach, we introduce a new normalization of utilities ensuring that: (i) a transfer from a rich population to a poor population is welfare enhancing, and (ii) populations with more risk-averse people have lower welfare. We study some implications of this “fair utilitarianism” for risk sharing, collective risk aversion, and the design of health policy.