Income elasticity of demand for horse wagering — Large-scale evidence from online betting accounts
利用芬兰在线投注账户数据，研究发现赛马博彩需求的收入弹性整体为正但较低，且随收入增加从接近零上升至接近1，支出增加主要源于投注强度而非频率。
The paper investigates income elasticity of demand for online horserace betting, using individual account data and administrative data from Finland. Overall income elasticity is positive but low. However, elasticity varies substantially across the income distribution from near-zero at the bottom to unity among higher income groups. Increased betting expenditure as income increases is associated with greater intensity rather than with greater frequency of betting.