Hassles and Environmental Health Screenings
利用伊利诺伊州2001-2014年出生记录与铅检测数据，研究住房年龄和检测成本如何影响儿童铅筛查，发现高成本降低所有家庭的筛查率，但高风险家庭愿意多付31-419美元。
I study the determinants of childhood lead screening using all Illinois birth records (2001- 2014), matched to lead testing records and geocoded housing age data. Housing age measures lead risk, as older houses disproportionally have lead paint. Changes in geographic access to providers provide variation in non-monetary costs of testing. Higher costs reduce screening among low- and high-risk households alike. Thus, self-selection based on screening costs does not appear to improve targeting, even though high-risk households are willing to pay $31-419 more than low-risk households for screening. Screening incentives would be cost-effective for reasonable values of lead poisoning externalities