Formative Experiences and the Price of Gasoline
研究发现，在1970年代石油危机期间达到驾驶年龄的人，在2000年时开车更少；且15-18岁期间的汽油价格变化会长期影响后来的出行行为，这不能用经济衰退、收入或习惯形成模型解释，更可能是偏好或感知成本的变化。
Formative experiences shape behavior for decades. We document a striking feature about those who came of driving age during the oil crises of the 1970s—they drive less in the year 2000. The effect is not specific to these cohorts; price variation over time and across states indicates that gasoline price changes between ages 15–18 generally shift later-life travel behavior. Effects are not explained by recessions, income, or costly skill acquisition and are inconsistent with recency bias, mental plasticity, and standard habit-formation models. Instead, they likely reflect formation of preferences for driving or persistent changes in its perceived cost.