Technological radicalness, R&D internationalization, and the moderating effect of intellectual property protection
基于资源基础观，研究了美国制造业企业技术激进性如何影响其海外探索性和利用性研发活动，并发现东道国知识产权保护水平对此关系有调节作用。
Drawing on insights from the resource-based view of the firm, this paper examines the link between the radicalness of the firm's technologies and the extent of its exploitation and exploration R&D activities abroad, with an additional focus on the level of the host country's intellectual property (IP) protection as a force moderating this link. It uses information about greenfield foreign direct investment by 185 U.S. publicly-traded manufacturing firms in the period 2003–2013 to demonstrate that technological radicalness is positively associated with the number of exploration and exploitation R&D projects. While the level of IP protection is shown to have a moderating effect, this is nuanced: firms with more radical technologies pursue more exploration R&D projects in countries with stronger IP protection; in turn, the number of exploitation R&D projects is driven by those undertaken in countries with weaker IP protection. The findings have both managerial and policy implications.