The limits to open innovation and its impact on innovation performance
研究了英国企业知识合作的部门与地理差异对创新绩效的影响，发现创意部门在国内外市场面临最大的知识合作局限。
This study focuses on the sectoral and geographical differences in open knowledge collaboration for the innovation performance of UK firms. Drawing on transaction cost theory and appropriability of knowledge, we adopt a resource-based view to focus on limits to open innovation. We use a generalized multi-level mixed model to test our hypotheses, controlling for time, regional and firm unobserved characteristics. Our sample includes 19,510 observations and 17,859 firms, with a small panel element of 1651 firms mainly from the UK Innovation Survey and Business Registry. Our results demonstrate that limits to open innovation differ across knowledge-intense sectors and at different geographic dimensions, with creative sectors experiencing the greatest limits to knowledge collaboration in both national and international markets. We discuss why and how this occurs, and conclude with several theoretical and policy implications.