Volume Flexibility at Responsive Suppliers in Reshoring Decisions: Analysis of a Dual Sourcing Inventory Model
研究了本地响应型供应商的产量灵活性（超出基础产能的采购成本溢价）如何影响回流决策，发现增加产量灵活性会促进回流，并可作为成本优势。
We investigate how volume flexibility, defined by a sourcing cost premium beyond a base capacity, at a local responsive supplier impacts the decision to reshore supply. The buyer also has access to a remote supplier that is cheaper with no restrictions on volume flexibility. We show that with unit lead time difference between both suppliers, the optimal dual sourcing policy is a modified dual base‐stock policy with three base‐stock levels <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> , and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msup> </mml:math> . The replenishment orders are generated by first placing a base order from the fast supplier of at most <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:math> units to raise the inventory position to <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> , if that is possible. After this base order, if the adjusted inventory position is still below <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> , additional units are ordered from the fast supplier at an overtime premium to reach <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> . Finally, if the adjusted inventory position is below <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msup> </mml:math> , an order from the slow supplier is placed to bring the final inventory position to <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msup> </mml:math> . Surprisingly, in contrast to single sourcing with limited volume flexibility, a more complex dual sourcing model often results in a “simpler” policy that replaces demand in each period. The latter allows analytical insights into the sourcing split between the responsive and the remote supplier. Our analysis shows how increased volume flexibility at the responsive supplier promotes the decision to reshore operations and effectively serves as a cost benefit. It also shows how investing in base capacity or additional volume flexibility act as strategic substitutes.