Headstrong Girls and Dependent Boys: Gender Differences in the Labor Market Returns to Child Behavior
利用C-NLSY79数据，研究发现童年表现出更多倔强行为的女性及更多依赖行为的男性，其成年早期收入显著更低，而相反性别则无此惩罚，且该差异无法由教育、婚姻等因素解释。
The authors use data from the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (C-NLSY79) to examine gender differences in the associations between child behavioral problems and early adult earnings. They find large and significant earnings penalties for women who exhibited more headstrong behavior and for men who exhibited more dependent behavior as children. By contrast, the authors observe no penalties for men who were headstrong or for women who were dependent. Although other child behavioral problems are also associated with labor market earnings, their associations did not differ significantly by gender. The gender differences in headstrong and dependent behavior are not explained by education, marriage, depression, self-esteem, health, or adult personality traits. One potential explanation is that these gender differences are a consequence of deviations from gender norms and stereotypes in the workplace.