Baking injera in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Women's invisible labor in the teff value chain
研究埃塞俄比亚亚的斯亚贝巴女性英吉拉烤制者在苔麸价值链中的劳动，发现其劳动因正式性、性别、阶级、年龄和健康等身份标记的交织而更加隐形，政策忽视加剧了不平等。
Abstract Women play an important role in food value chain development, but their labor is often invisible in related policies. Female injera bakers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, have suffered a similar fate: their labor has been neglected in policies on improving the teff value chain. Teff is a cereal grown in Ethiopia which is used to make the countries' biggest food staple: injera. In this article we describe and analyze the labor of female injera bakers in Addis Ababa in the teff value chain, and the differences in their visibility along the lines of various identity markers. Based on mixed method research, we found that the effect of the changes in the teff value chain on female injera bakers' labor (in)visibility were most negative where certain identity markers intersect. The negative effects run along the lines of the formality of the labor, gender, class, age and health. We conclude that the Ethiopian government's neglect of female stakeholders in the teff value chain has led to the increase of existing inequalities and further marginalization of the most vulnerable women.