Low-carbon tourism supply chain network optimisation with vertical and horizontal cooperations
研究了两个低碳景区和两家旅行社构成的供应链网络，通过博弈模型分析纵向与横向合作对均衡决策、低碳水平和网络绩效的影响，发现游客低碳偏好提升低碳水平，但景区间竞争会降低低碳水平，且合作并非总是有利。
We consider a low-carbon tourism supply chain (LTSC) network composed of two low-carbon scenic spots (LSSs) and two travel agencies (TAs). The LSSs as leaders and the TAs as followers play Stackelberg games in the vertical direction. Meanwhile, the competing LSSs play Nash game to determine emission reduction efforts and ticket prices, and the competing TAs play Nash game to conduct retail prices. We establish four kinds of differential game models with different LTSC network structures, derive the equilibrium decision-makings of the LSSs and TAs, and explore the influences of competition or cooperation at vertical and horizontal level of the LTSC network members on the equilibrium solutions of the LSSs and TAs, low-carbon level of tourism products and performance of the LTSC network. Then, we find that the low-carbon preference of tourists improves the low-carbon level of tourism products, while the competition intensity between the LSSs leads to the decrease of the low-carbon level of tourism products. In addition, the results indicate that horizontal or vertical cooperations among the LTSC network members are not always conducive to the performance of the whole LTSC network. Only when the sensitivity of tourist demand to retail price meets certain conditions, these cooperations can develop tourism products with higher low-carbon level and bring higher revenues.