Gender differences in the determinants of becoming a professor in Germany. An event history analysis of academic psychologists from 1980 to 2019
基于德国所有心理学家的简历数据，研究发现女性在获得终身教授职位上并无整体劣势，反而在已获终身教职者中，女性比男性概率高32%，且女性从学术发表中获益更多。
Theories on gender bias argue that women in academia benefit less from their academic achievements than men do; women, as a result, show lower rates of success in becoming tenured professors. Based on longitudinal data from CVs of virtually all psychologists in German academia, we analyze factors that lead to a first permanent professorship in German psychology departments. We find no overall gender differences in getting a tenured position when considering all psychologists and holding research productivity and other observable factors constant. Among currently tenured professors, women show a 32% higher chance of having gotten tenure than men. Interaction effects reveal that women's publishing or signaling investments are not devalued when they try to obtain tenure. We particularly find that women benefit more from their scholarly publications than men do. Hence, we find no support for gender bias or devaluation of women's academic achievements.