Internal structure of consumer cities: Core and subcenters
研究消费城市中生产外部性与消费便利性如何共同塑造城市空间结构，发现高密度既提升生产效率也增加消费品种类，导致企业与消费者在利用城市密度上产生张力，进而影响核心与次中心的形成。
Abstract This study examines urban spatial structures with production externalities as well as agglomeration from consumption amenities. Two agglomeration forces interact in consumer cities where a variety of nontradable goods facilitate consumption. I show that higher urban density begets not only more efficient production but also more varieties for consumers to enjoy. Hence, an urban structure depends on the tension between firms and consumers to take advantage of urban density. As a result, production externalities may cause decentralization from the central business districts, reflecting suburbanization. On the other hand, consumer trips play a role in centralization to the market centers. Accordingly, the consumption agglomeration in big cities sheds light on the reexamination of the significance of city cores.